research methods

Publication

Jacob and Weiland raise concerns about potential bias in traditional retention studies

Jan 30, 2026

Across the U.S., policies that require children to repeat a grade in elementary school—known as retention policies—have become a popular approach to improve reading proficiency. As of 2025, 18 states have enacted or are set to implement third-grade r...

Jacob and Weiland raise concerns about potential bias in traditional retention studies

Jacob and Weiland raise concerns about potential bias in traditional retention studies

Katherine Michelmore and Natasha Pilkauskas on policy rooted in evidence and facts